Appetite Plus Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology: Properties and Functions: THIAMINE (Vitamin B₁): Thiamine is involved in releasing energy from the macronutrients which provide energy, especially from carbohydrates. Thiamine enhances production of energy from glucose and storage of energy as fat, making energy available to support normal cellular processes. It also helps improve muscle tone of the stomach, intestines, heart and blood vessels.
RIBOFLAVIN (Vitamin B₂): Riboflavin is involved in a wide array of essential biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions, especially those that yield energy. It is converted to two other coenzymes that are necessary for normal tissue respiration and energy production.
NICOTINAMIDE (Vitamin B₃): Nicotinamide performs all the essential biochemical functions of Niacin. It has a fundamental role as reduction/oxidation coenzymes essential for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism and glycogenolysis, involved in energy metabolism and detoxification reactions for drugs and other substances.
PYRIDOXINE (Vitamin B₆): Vitamin B₆ in blood and tissues occurs phosphorylated in three primary forms. These pyridoxines are pyridoxol (the alcohol), pyridoxal (the aldehyde) and pyridoxamine (the amine). The activated forms of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are the active coenzyme forms, and the inter-conversion between them is involved in many of the biological functions of the vitamin. This vitamin is required for many enzymatic reactions and extensively involved in the metabolism of amino acids and other nitrogen-containing compounds, and also in the metabolism of lipids and the production and activities of certain hormones. These include transam-ions, deamination, decarboxylation, and sulfation. It plays a part in protein metabolism, the synthesis of fat from protein, haemopoiesis and nutrition of the skin.
CYANOCOBALAMIN (Vitamin B₁₂): Vitamin B₁₂ is a large complex compound consisting of porphyrin ring containing cobalt. Cyanocobalamin functions as an integral part of the cobarnide enzymes which are involved in nucleic acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Cyanocobalamin is a cofactor in two enzymes that are fundamental in facilitating growth essential for the function and maintenance of central nervous system.
Severe deficiency in cases of pernicious anemia produces a neurological disease called posterolateral spinal cord degeneration. The immediate cause of pernicious anemia is Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, but the underlying defect is the absence of intrinsic factor produced by cells of the stomach needed for intestinal absorption of Vitamin B₁₂. Therefore, daily high oral intake can be sufficient to treat pernicious anemia.
ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C): Vitamin C is required for the proper development and function of many parts of the body such as collagen, cartilage, teeth and bone formation. It is considered as an antioxidant and plays an important role in maintaining proper immune function.
BUCLIZINE HCl: Buclizine HCl is mainly used for anti-emetic action and as an appetite stimulant that increase both appetite and absorption of food in the body. It does not affect the growth hormone levels and it can maintain weight gain even after discontinuation of treatment.
LYSINE HCl: Lysine as an essential amino acid is a necessary building block for all protein in the body. It plays a major role in calcium absorption, building muscle protein; recovering from surgery or sports-related injuries and is utilized in the production of antibodies, hormones and enzymes which aid in digestion. Also, it can act as an appetite enhancer and is needed for proper growth and bone development in children. It aids in the improvement of calcium absorption and lessens loss of calcium in the urine.
Capsule: RETINOL ACETATE (VITAMIN A): Vitamin A is fat-soluble and readily accumulates in the liver. It has essential actions in vision, cellular differentiation, organ development during embryonic and fetal growth, membrane structure and function, including growth, reproduction, and immune system functions.
CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3): Vitamin D is fundamentally involved in the formation of bone, and regulation of intestinal absorption and plasma concentration of calcium.
Pharmacokinetics: Thiamine is absorbed from the GI tract and is widely distributed to most body tissues. It is not stored to any appreciable extent in the body and amounts in excess of requirements are excreted in the urine as unchanged thiamine or metabolites.
Riboflavin is absorbed from the GI tract and in the circulation is bound to plasma proteins. Although widely distributed, little is stored in the body, and amounts in excess of requirements are excreted in the urine.
Nicotinamide is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration and is widely distributed in the body tissues. Small amounts of nicotinamide are excreted unchanged in urine following therapeutic doses, however, the amount excreted unchanged is increased with larger doses.
Pyridoxine is absorbed from the GI tract and is converted to the active form pyridoxal phosphate. It is stored mainly in liver with lesser amounts in muscle and brain. It also crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk. It is excreted in the urine as 4-pyridoxic acid.
Cyanocobalamin is irregularly absorbed from the distal small intestine following oral administration. It requires gastric intrinsic factor for active absorption from the GI tract. It is distributed into liver, bone marrow, and other tissues. It also crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk. More than 50-98% may be excreted in urine.
Ascorbic acid is readily absorbed by an active process that may be limited after very large doses and is widely distributed in body tissues. It can cross the placenta and can be distributed into milk. Upon metabolism, it is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid and is excreted through urine.
Buclizine is readily absorbed in the GI tract. Its onset of action is after one hour and the duration of the drug ranges from 4-6hrs.
Lysine upon ingestion is absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes via active transport and moves from the gut to the liver via the portal circulation. Once in the liver, lysine joins other amino acids to facilitate protein synthesis. Lysine is rapidly transported into muscle tissue, within 5-7 hours after ingestion, and is more concentrated in the intracellular space of muscle tissue compared to other essential amino acids.
Capsule: Retinol acetate is readily absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract. Plasma concentrations reach a peak level within 3-5 hrs.
Cholecalciferol is well absorbed in the GI tract. Presence of bile is essential for adequate intestinal absorption. Hence, absorption may be decreased in patients with decreased fat absorption. Excreted mainly in the bile and feces with only small amounts appearing in urine.